Rural development: Base to reduce poverty

Till now the rural areas people of Nepal are deprived from using the facility of electricity, road drinking water health, education and other many things. Approximately 40 percent of the Nepalese people live below the poverty line. The rural area people mainly depend in farming for their livelihood. The bitter truth is that Nepal has many resources but they are not used properly.

Development is in slow motion. No development programs are done regularly, continuously and systematically. Day by day people are suffering from various problems. People are mainly suffering from poverty, health care, education, clean drinking water and sanitation services. Rural poor people are generally illiterate, have large families, and are landless or have very small landholdings.

The political parties of Nepal are debating with each other for chair. They are doing politics for their own sake not for the sake of the public people. People are made puppets. They are by many wonderful things in the election time. In fact political leaders are so much talent to give speech. They take people to the heavenly world by speech not in practice.

The constitution has provided many sorts of rights to people. Rules and regulations are made so well but in practice they are not implemented. Specially hilly and Himalayan region people are deprived from development programs. Because of poor growth in the agricultural sector, living standards in rural areas are deteriorating and poverty is increasing.

The growing population has put huge pressure on cultivable land, especially in the Terai region, which also supports many landless migrants from the hills Today is the era of communication and technology. Till now there are such remote places where we should go by foot. People have even seen the vehicles. We can evaluate the plight of remote areas from the literacy rate also. If we compare the literacy rate of rural area and the city area we can find vast difference. Government and people both are responsible for the development of rural areas. Both parties should be responsible and work in collaboration.

Internet users in Nepal

The Kingdom of Nepal is a landlocked country bordered by the People’s Republic of China to the north and by India to the south, east and west. Most of the people are uneducated in the present time also. It is shameful to say that not only people, the leader of the country are also uneducated.

We can see some members of constituent assembly who even do not know how to write their name. To use computer and internet is very difficult as to drink water for dog. This condition shows that what the condition of the internet users in Nepal is. The leaders are perfect to give speech and lure the people.

The Internet was first introduced into Nepal in 1993 in a venture of the Royal Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (RONAST) and a private company, Mercantile Office Systems (MOS). After the internet introduced in Nepal it was mostly used by the high class people.

Poor people were deprived of using. We can find low number of people who use internet for different purposes. Nepal is the country which has many undeveloped remote areas. These people who are in remote area are unknown about computer. They are even deprived of using electricity. Most of the county hasn’t access of electricity. Government is unable to give technical knowledge for the people.

Students form schools, and colleges are lose practically. They are taught theoretically more. Till now most governmental office also do not have access of computer and internet. According to the data of year 2007- 249,400 people use internet out of 25,874,519 people which was the total population of Nepal. The condition of internet before 1997 was very poor.

If we come to evaluate the present condition the number is growing day by day. But the number is growing in city area only. Remote areas are till deprived. There are such people who even don’t know the alphabet letters. Parents are sent to jungle for grass and wood for their livelihood. When these children who even do not know the alphabet letters will develop their skill to use computer and internet. This is the question over governments.

Parents are also unaware about the importance of education, computer, e-mail, and internet and also about the modern technology. Mostly internet users are the high class people, city dwellers, NGOs, Ingo’s, and the official men’s. There are numerous Internet cafes in Kathmandu, and other city areas of Nepal. Young people, in particular, are being drawn to the use of e-mail and the Internet.

The Internet is used by the vast majority of Nepalese for e-mail, chatting and, among younger users, downloading games and music. However, 88% of the population of Nepal lives in rural areas, and a great number of these areas has no electricity or phone connections. Thus only NGOs with centrally located offices have the potential to access the Internet.

When we estimate the present condition of the internet in Nepal it seems one most challenging issues of the country. Development without technology and education is impossible. So the government should be aware about the plight and give the technical and practical education not only in the city areas rather also in the rural areas of the country.

Government should also think that for the development first of all people should educated well and public awareness should be there in the nooks and corner of the country. People should not be deprived of education. So it is one of the most challenging issue.

Kathmandu - The city of pollution and Traffic Jam

Kathmandu is the capital and largest city of Nepal. The city is situated in kathmandu valley that also contains two other cities - Patan and Bhaktapur. Kathmandu is the capital and largest city of Nepal. The city is situated in kathmandu valley that also contains two other cities - Patan and Bhaktapur. The city stands at an elevation of approximately 4,500 ft (1,400 m) and is inhabited by about 700,000 people.

Kathmandu is the most developed city. Kathmandu has been regarded as the most polluted city in Asia. Many wonderful and beautiful places lies in Kathmandu, which is situated in the heart of Himalaya mountains, and has a rich history. Many renowned places have made Kathmandu more beautiful.

Kathmandu Durbar Square, which is listed as UNESCO world heritage site, is in Basantapur. The Narayanhiti royal Palace stands right next to Thamel - the tourist hub of the country. A small world within itself, Thamel is famous for the most attractive hotels and shopping centers in the world.

It consists of two parallel streets just to the west of the palace. It is home to world famous hotels, ranging from different stars. This valley hosts an UNESCO World Heritage Sites composed by seven different Monument Zones: The centers of the three primary cities, Kathmandu Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the two most important Buddhist stupas, Swayambhunath and Boudhanath and two famous Hindu shrines, Pashupatinath temple and Changu Narayan.

Tribhuvan International Airport is located about 25 km from the city center, offering domestic and international flights. Pashupatinath temple is a Hindu temple located on the shore of the Bagmati river on the eastern part of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

It is regarded as the most sacred temple of Shiva (Pashupati) in Nepal. According to 2001 census, there are more than 235,387 households in the metropolitan city. Kathmandu metropolitan authorities estimate the number of people living in the city to be more than 1,081,845 people. The largest ethnic groups are Newars, Brahmins and Kshetris. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa.

The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. The city is looked after by Kathmandu metropolitan office located at Bagdarbar. Kathmandu houses most of the banks, business houses, offices, organizations and share market of Nepal. The busiest economic centers are New Road of Kathmandu, Ason, Putalisadak and Durbar Marg. New Road is regarded as financial hub with presence of most of the banks in this street.

Having such wonderful and attractive places, ethnic groups, language etc, it is much polluted and has narrow roads. It is also estimated as the most polluted city of Asia. Different elements had played vital role in being such a polluted city. Mainly all cultivate land are turning into sites to build houses.

The old houses are constructed so narrowly. These old house are so dark and congested. It has become the challenging issue in the present time. No systematic law, rule and regulations are operated.

People of the city also show the animal like behavior. Sometimes the personnel are not paid in time, so they also revolt time and again. City lacks proper land till sites. Management group does not work properly. In fact most of the Nepalese governmental personnel are lascivious.

As like leaders they show irresponsible behavior. Nepalese government seems failure in various sectors in case of managing and developing it properly. Old vehicles and the unmanaged dirt in different place of roads create pollution mostly. Rivers are also so much polluted.

Another main problem seen in Kathmandu valley is traffic jam. Mostly the city seems crowed. Mainly because of the narrow roads and unsystematic road there happens traffic jam. It is said traffic police are kept to manage the vehicles in the road. Police should obey the order given by the high rank police. But the civil people don’t know that either the high ranked police does not gives order or the police does not obey the order.

The road seems managed well when the leader such as the president, PM walks on the road. If the police manage so well at all the time there would not be so crowd and traffic jam. When there becomes road jam it is unknown. People and tourists are forced to walk. People cannot attend in their offices, programs in time because of jam in road.

The unsystematic street shops have also played vital role in traffic jam. No systematic rules are found. Vehicles are driven anywhere they like. There are narrow roads. One way roads are found in negligible number. For the improvement of this disgusting thing government and people should be aware.

So, to maintain these problems it seems so challenging. Problems cannot be solved without a great effort of government and people as well. Many tourist areas are situated but they are not managed well. They should be managed well. These problems seem to be the current most challenging issues.

stands at an elevation of approximately 4,500 ft (1,400 m) and is inhabited by about 700,000 people.

Kathmandu is the most developed city. Kathmandu has been regarded as the most polluted city in Asia. Many wonderful and beautiful places lies in Kathmandu, which is situated in the heart of Himalaya mountains, and has a rich history. Many renowned places have made Kathmandu more beautiful.

Kathmandu Durbar Square, which is listed as UNESCO world heritage site, is in Basantapur. The Narayanhiti royal Palace stands right next to Thamel - the tourist hub of the country. A small world within itself, Thamel is famous for the most attractive hotels and shopping centers in the world.

It consists of two parallel streets just to the west of the palace. It is home to world famous hotels, ranging from different stars. This valley hosts an UNESCO World Heritage Sites composed by seven different Monument Zones: The centers of the three primary cities, Kathmandu Hanuman Dhoka, Patan and Bhaktapur, the two most important Buddhist stupas, Swayambhunath and Boudhanath and two famous Hindu shrines, Pashupatinath temple and Changu Narayan.

Tribhuvan International Airport is located about 25 km from the city center, offering domestic and international flights. Pashupatinath temple is a Hindu temple located on the shore of the Bagmati river on the eastern part of Kathmandu, the capital of Nepal.

It is regarded as the most sacred temple of Shiva (Pashupati) in Nepal. According to 2001 census, there are more than 235,387 households in the metropolitan city. Kathmandu metropolitan authorities estimate the number of people living in the city to be more than 1,081,845 people. The largest ethnic groups are Newars, Brahmins and Kshetris. The major languages are Nepali and Nepal Bhasa.

The major religions are Hinduism and Buddhism. The city is looked after by Kathmandu metropolitan office located at Bagdarbar. Kathmandu houses most of the banks, business houses, offices, organizations and share market of Nepal. The busiest economic centers are New Road of Kathmandu, Ason, Putalisadak and Durbar Marg. New Road is regarded as financial hub with presence of most of the banks in this street.

Having such wonderful and attractive places, ethnic groups, language etc, it is much polluted and has narrow roads. It is also estimated as the most polluted city of Asia. Different elements had played vital role in being such a polluted city. Mainly all cultivate land are turning into sites to build houses.

The old houses are constructed so narrowly. These old house are so dark and congested. It has become the challenging issue in the present time. No systematic law, rule and regulations are operated.

People of the city also show the animal like behavior. Sometimes the personnel are not paid in time, so they also revolt time and again. City lacks proper land till sites. Management group does not work properly. In fact most of the Nepalese governmental personnel are lascivious.

As like leaders they show irresponsible behavior. Nepalese government seems failure in various sectors in case of managing and developing it properly. Old vehicles and the unmanaged dirt in different place of roads create pollution mostly. Rivers are also so much polluted.

Another main problem seen in Kathmandu valley is traffic jam. Mostly the city seems crowed. Mainly because of the narrow roads and unsystematic road there happens traffic jam. It is said traffic police are kept to manage the vehicles in the road. Police should obey the order given by the high rank police. But the civil people don’t know that either the high ranked police does not gives order or the police does not obey the order.

The road seems managed well when the leader such as the president, PM walks on the road. If the police manage so well at all the time there would not be so crowd and traffic jam. When there becomes road jam it is unknown. People and tourists are forced to walk. People cannot attend in their offices, programs in time because of jam in road.

The unsystematic street shops have also played vital role in traffic jam. No systematic rules are found. Vehicles are driven anywhere they like. There are narrow roads. One way roads are found in negligible number. For the improvement of this disgusting thing government and people should be aware.

So, to maintain these problems it seems so challenging. Problems cannot be solved without a great effort of government and people as well. Many tourist areas are situated but they are not managed well. They should be managed well. These problems seem to be the current most challenging issues.

NGOs and Government in National Development

National development is such thing which cannot be done by the lonely effort of anyone either that may be government, non governmental organizations or so on. So, most government of the world has now days realized that the government alone cannot provide all services required for public at large. Possibly, the government machinery may not be able too go to the grass root level, especially in remote, rural and hilly areas.

While NGOs, basically local NGOs could go and see every nook and corner and provide services as per the existing rules and regulations of a given country. In this way the undeveloped areas can be reduced by adopting different ways and such ideas should be taken from the government as well as non- governmental organizations in due time.

For this the government and the NGOs should work in close cooperation and coordination. For national development political determination, policy formation and implementation, public awareness raising programs and people’s participation are highly needed. In such a way the NGOs could support government initiatives on the one hand and play an important role in the country’s development by bringing specialized knowledge, technical expertise, research capacities, local contacts and community support to the process on the other.

Basically, on the whole, NGOs are being classified into two groups namely- National non governmental organizations and international non governmental organizations. NGOs and Ingo’s are such organizations which should work as selfless, voluntary and non profit making organizations.

The services provided by the non governmental organizations should be non- discriminating. Programs should not contradict with the government policies and the laws. NGOs should work and act as the watchdog as well as casting crucial eye over the current events.

Governments and NGOs should carryout awareness and educational programs through publication and mass media. It is well known that with an increased involvement of NGOs and other civil society groups we will be able to improve the quality of our services of the people.

NGOs could implement programs to increase agricultural productivity, expand economic and social opportunities for women, provide health care, build schools and training halls, protect the environment, and increase access of the poor to financial resources through micro credit, poverty reduction and so on.

NGOs have easy access to the grass root level than the government and are able and willing to go door to door. Hence, community people have more trust and narrow gap with NGOs than the government, while government officials think that are the masters not the servant of the public which is truly incorrect.

We must acknowledge that the legitimacy, role, function and significance of the NGOs and government cannot be ignored. These days NGOs share with the government and corporate dominion a social responsibility to address the contemporary burning issues of human rights, disaster, diseases, terrorism, weapons of destruction, education, business, politics, environment, economy, family, and many other fields.

In view of above situation it is vivid that NGOs can bring change in the society and contribute towards sustainable development for which the government should encourage, support and empower them. At the same time cooperation and coordination among the NGOs as well as government must be improved.

Land degradation in Nepal: A menace to economy and ecosystem

Land is the principle resource in the world. Land degradation means the loss in capacity of land to support growth of useful plants on a sustained basis. It is a complex phenomenon. Natural calamities like landslides in the hills, drought in most of the terai have frequently occurred. Most of all, flooding has become the major cause of land degradation leading to the poor socio-economic conditions and the deterioration of the natural ecosystems.

Removal of top fertile layer of soil by water is a critical problem in the mid hills. In the past, the perennial streams of clean water trickling from the hills supported good agriculture in the plains. In less than 30 years, unrestricted tree felling, cutting, overgrazing, random cultivation on steep slopes without proper terracing has aggravated the soil loss. Apart, from the loss of productive top soil it has further damaged the land and water resources due to siltation of dams and deposition of thick and sandy plains of the Tarai Rivers.

Rivers in Nepal have damaged more than 400,000 hectares of productive agricultural lands. The extent and severity of damage have increased year after year due to frequent changing nature of mountain- rivers, farmlands near river bank are washed away by flooding, crops are ruined and width of rivers widen every year during monsoon.

Nepal’s rivers carry around 336 million tons of soil per year to the main river systems entering India. The productive of riverside lands has been seriously affected by silting, flooding, and deposition of pebbles. Furthermore, the river damaged the areas of middle mountains of Nepal suffer from excessive grazing pressures of domestic animals. The natural succession has been inhibited by excessive grazing pressure as well as flash floods during the Monsoon.

In Nepal land degradation has been occurred in all the physiographic regions of the country. Indiscriminate felling of trees and clearing forest areas for agriculture has given rise to the scarcity of the essential needs of rural people such as fuel, wood and small timber. These activities along with populations’ pressure and improper land use patterns have led to serious environmental degradation. In Nepal land degradation includes physical, biological and chemical degradation.

Both the natural conditions and human activities have contributed to the degradation of land. Fragile geological structure, forest fire, avalanches and dry landslides are some of the major cause of land degradation whereas deforestation, overgrazing, farming on the steep slope, construction works and excessive use of chemical fertilizers are some major examples of human induce cause.

Increasing population, fragile economy and sometimes farm policies and fuel to it. In its natural condition land is covered by forest trees and other natural vegetation. Trees leave control the speed of the raindrops and allow them to go down to the land surface slowly, which is the favorable condition for the growth of plants and micro organism in the soil.

When trees are felled and the roots mats are destroyed, the soil is the subject to soil erosion by full force of the rains. Heavy rain removes nutrients by washing away the thin top layer of soil and by leaching nutrients deed into the sub-soil thus making it unavailable to plants roots. Air is as much important to soil quality as mineral nutrients and compacted soil poses serious threat to environment in the form of land degradation.

Forest help to maintain the temperature at a lower level and prevent them from rising. In the absence of forest, the entire heat that is not absorbed by the atmosphere but strike the earth’s surface are reflected by the earth’s surface, leading to a rise in atmosphere temperature. The heavy grazing pressure on grazing lands in the mountain areas has speed up the soil erosion, which led to increased run off and compaction of soil.

Cultivation on steep slope without taking considerations of improved farming such as terracing in steep slope, use of organic manures and so has contributed to the soil erosion which has resulted in high water turbidity, which further leads to the harmful effects to the aquatic flora and fauna including fish species. Development activities such as construction of roads, buildings, dams and so have further added fuel to it.

All these activities have resulted in the poor socio-economic status and imbalance in the natural ecosystems. Decreased land productivity and wash away of agricultural land due to flooding have given rise to the poor socio-economic status of rural people in Nepal. The productivity of riverine ecosystems has decreased.
It is clear that due to the lack of effective implementation of counter measures, the land degradation problem is increasingly becoming a challenge for the economy and natural ecosystems in Nepal.

It is realized that the balance between the land degradation and restoration rates should be maintained so as not to further degrade the land. The effective implementation of land restoration measures with full fledged political and bereaurocratic commitments and sound technology are urgently required.

Early warning systems in disaster risk management

Everyday, people around the globe are threatened by storms, floods, droughts, landslides, earthquakes and other natural hazards and suffer because of their social, economic, geographic and environmental circumstances.

Every year news highs are being recorded for economics looses from natural disasters and the human costs are even greater. Nearly a million over the last decade by disaster caused by storms, droughts, floods and earthquake. The loss of human lives and materials could have been avoided if the proper precautions and measures had been in place.

In case of Nepal, many poor groups were hit very hard by the annual flood and landslides, firstly by the loss of the family and homes and then by the loss of livelihoods. Reducing people’s vulnerability to natural hazards is an essential condition for reducing property and achieving the Millennium development goals. Policy makers are beginning to recognize that preparedness for natural hazards needs to be an integral part of national and international development policies and practices.

Generally it is the poorest people living in the poorer parts of the world who are most affected by national hazards. Disasters risks can be countered through approaches such as public awareness, campaigns, knowledge of hazards and vulnerabilities, community preparedness programs, early warning systems evaluation plans long term land use planning and environmental protection and the application of sound building codes. Through these means governments and communities can help people to become more resilient to hazards and their impacts and thereby reduce the chance that hazards events turns into disasters.

Early warning systems are a major element of disaster risk management and reduction. To be effective early warning systems need to actively involve the communications at risk, facilitate public education and awareness of risks, effectively disseminate messages and warning and ensure there is constant state of preparedness. Early warning systems help for public safety adds the protection of human lives. It is also useful for the protection of nation’s resource base and productive assets.

Conversely by reducing the impact of disasters a government avoids the financial and political burden of massive rehabilitation costs. Investing in early warning and other measures of disasters reduction is neither simple nor inexpensive but the benefits of doing so the costs of failing to are considerable.

The reduction of environmental losses can if properly managed and publicized, have both long term benefits to the economy and short term benefits for the administration in-charge. In many parts of the world, communities do not have effective early warning systems for the hazards they experience. Early warning systems need a strong scientific and technical basis. They can be linked to bring efficiencies and economics of scale to help secure the sustainability of systems for rare hazards.

In fact people centered early warning is a system, not a technology. Warning allows people to act in order to present hazards from becoming disasters. Effective early warning saves lives, reduces economic loss, reduces disruption in society and instills confidence and a sense of security in the public. It is also an important component of the foundation of a sound economy. Effective early warning system requires strong technical foundation and good knowledge of the risks.

They must be strongly people centered with clear message dissemination systems that reach those at risk managers and the public. Although natural disasters are not precisely predictable, they are most often generally foreseen able. In other words, there are many areas where the occurrence of floods is likely; one doesn’t necessarily know exactly when, but one knows they will occur sooner or later.

Many natural hazards can be foreseen of anticipated from past experience, the analysis of current patterns of land use or population distribution. Early warning systems as well as other disasters reduction application needs to new motivated and based within government responsibilities, especially since response to disaster may require exceptional executive powers for a specific period of time but it success cannot be accomplished without the benefits of widespread decision making and the participation of many others.

One of the effective ways of mitigating the impact of natural disasters is through the provision of state of the art warning services which enable communities to prepare for the approaching storm, flood or other natural hazards and to take those measures necessary to avert the loss of life and minimize the damage caused to property and the environment.

Although government is responsible to protect its citizens to the best to the best of it’s ability; they cannot do it alone; all sectors of society must contribute. Generally in case of emergency the private sector offers complementary resources and necessary infrastructure that are needed for disseminating warnings; civil society provides social infrastructure at the grassroots.

The use of already existing capacities is not only effective but ensures the continuity and maintenance for the system. The cost of the government of implementing nationwide warning systems is significantly less when other stakeholders contribute to the costs for maintenance, management and service. It is also important that there be adequate oversight of the performance of the vital functions associated with an early warning systems; this can only be provided when multiple players are involved.

Despite the improvement in early warnings technology and communication systems, natural disasters still cause death in a massive scale year after year. There are already many indications that the scale of disasters around the world is likely to increase further in future.

Relevant causal factors include global population growth the concentration of people and valuables in large conurbations, settlements in and industrialization of extremely exposed regions such as flood plains, the increased susceptibility of modern societies and technologies to natural hazards and above all global environmental and climate change.

Major issues of child labour in Nepal

So far the child labor in Nepal is concerned, poverty is the main cause of worst form of child labor. Rural people are mostly suffered from larger family size and small land holding problems which make them main supplier of child labour. It is also estimated that four children out of five are trooped in the worst form of child labour.
The child being a very innocent illiterate and unknown person is exploited very much by the society and this is also one of the vital causes for worst form of child labour. The degree of exploitation from different ways can be listed below.
62 % children enter the work force between the age of 10-14 years.
Girls are more exploited then boy that is why they start working earlier than boys. This is reflected in the findings from different reports that 28.9% of girls in the worst forms of child labour are in the age group of 5-9 years compared to 1603% of the boys of the same age.
While working only 17.8% of the children mostly boys are allowed to attend school.
Among 38.4% of the domestic child workers are paid salary but in 59.3% of the cases parent collect the wages. This practice is more prevalent among girls children where parents collect the wages of 78.6% of the working girls.
31.6% of the boy left their workplace for another work due to low remuneration and 52% of the girl children reported that harassment was the most important reason for learning.

In many cases the salary paid to the children especially girl children in the worst forms of child labour is very low and most are not paid at all.
Though the children are exploited in every activity like above, they are now still leaving home as child labour due to the lack of love, care , proper guidance and inadequate health and food. They work between 11-15 hours a day and hardly had rest time.

Child labor in Nepal

Generally speaking today the issue of child labour is being one of the major issue around the globe. Human beings, known as social animals do have their own personality and stages which are generally divided into three stages or categories: child, adult and man or old age. According to the definition of UN general convention on the rights of the child, a child is one who falls below the age of eighteen years. If we evaluate Nepalese act relating to the child defines a child as a person below the age of fourteen, which age is taken as a very sensitive age which needs well-cared and protective environment. But due to the different circumstances/ means/ or causes like lack of awareness, poverty, ignorance of society, conventional dead values situation of children is different in all developing countries like Nepal, by which children are employed as labour in various dangerous and unhealthy works. There is no doubt that the issue of child labour is taken as gross violence of human rights, which has become a common phenomenon in Nepal as well as in other developing countries. When we are about to evaluate the status or circumstance of child labor in Nepal, according to the population, first of all it is better to know the population of child in Nepal. According to the population census 2001 the total population is 22.7 million, in which the ratio of child population is very high and is increasing in each period. The big chunk of population under the age of 14 years is getting no proper education and care which results Nepal facing serious problems of uneducated and unskilled mass of human resources.

Among the 6,225,000 population if children the percentage of school going children is only 36.7%. where the work participation of child comes to hit 41.6%.. The percentage of both working and schooling is 25.5% while only working not schooling is 16.1% . generally 95% of the total population of child work in the rural areas of Nepal. Which comes to reveal that high mobility of child population for work in urban areas of Nepal.

Working children comprise of two types, those working in their own household and those working for others or waged child. Among them most of the children are working in agriculture. Among total percentage of child population 94.7% of them involve In the agricultural work while other remaining child work in service and in technical work i.e production, construction, transportation, and communication.

Another issue about child is that among the total population of child working child comprises 36.8% male and 45.1% female child, which shows that female working percentage is higher than male. The percentage of working female children in urban areas is 21.0% and in rural area is 48.0% whereas the percentage of working male children in urban is 17.9% and in rural areas is 39.3%. It also shows the clear picture that in both rural and urban areas female children are working more than male children in case of Nepal and almost all developing countries around the globe.

So child labour, mostly in developing countries like Nepal is increasing. For the eliminating of child labor government sector, central level, district level, local level, private sector, family, community and community based organizations etc. should be aware.

Exploitation or necessity?

What do you think the butterfly is sucking the nector from a lovely flower. But is it exploitating it or is the necessity of butterfly?

Debate between Armchair politicians' and condition of common people.

Nepal, the country where Lord Buddha was born is now facing the problem of quarrel, uncertainty, instability, lack of consensus between and within the political parties and weeping rememebring those days when political stability was there, common people were living safely and using their rights frequently and iving in their own world along with peace and so on.

Today our motherland Nepal is in that condition where they are deprived of using thier rights and uncertainty everywhere. Not only the citizen of Nepal but also the citizen of the world, who used to come nepal to see the scenic beauty and many tourism places are today told not to visit nepal and if they visit they are said to visit certain places by their ruler because of their insecurity, and instability in our country. World rich and famous countries like United states, european countries advisory have told their citizen not to visit Nepal in present time. But the so-called people’s parties of Nepal are playing game to achieve post and rule them by earning many more by incresing the price of the daily using things by common people. They do everything in speech and make country heavenly and drastic change in the country but in practice from the beginning period they are busy in doin work in the welfare of their own.

Common people of Nepal are made scope-goat by time and again . they are used in time of election and praised by the political leaders saying we will do this for you , to win the election but after winning the election they are capital based and do not go in remote place to view and solve the problem of those people who were used as scapegoat in the time of election .

It is uncertain that when road, transportation,etc will be called close. Even a small matter becomes the cause of strike and so on. That is why there is no proper law in the country. The so called peoples representative are busy in playing game how to achieve chair and earn much for them,their relatives, and for next generation. In case of nepal firstly the awareness programme should be given for the leaders.

So it is necessary to make aware for the leaders because the peace process and constitution drafting process may be late and may not be complete without consensus within and between the political parties. If not so the common people will be the scape-goat forever. The slogans to improve all sector of Nepal make it a prosperous country will be confined in speech only.

Preparing Radio Program

The students of Bachelor level third year of the central department of journalism and mass communication of Tribhuvan unversity (Ratna Tajya Laxmi campus ) attempting to produce radio program and the technician teacher Samanta Acharya helping them technically.

'THE MOTHERLAND' First daily English newspaper of Nepal to come out in morning

SOME POINTS ABOUT 'THE MOTHERLAND'

• Founded in January 1958

• Survived for as long as 15 years

• First daily newspaper in the kingdom to come out

in the morning

• Has teleprinter in it's office

• Receives news from AFP

• Publish about 1800 copies a day

• Four persons in the press

• Publishes weather report on the 1st page

• It's motto as being " FOR KING , COUNTRY, AND

PEOPLE"

• Editorial appears on 3rd page

"THE COMMONER'- First Daily English newspaper of Nepal

"THE COMMONER" is the first daily english newspaper of Nepal which was published in the editorship of Gopal Das shrestha.

SOME POINTS ABOUT THE COMMONER:

• First daily English newspaper of Nepal
• First published on the 15th july 1954
• Oldest of all the daily English newspaper
• Shri Gopal Das Shrestha was it's editor who was also a senior journalist of the country
• Smaller in size
• Smaller than Rising Nepal
• It has only four pages
• The first thing that it strikes a foreigner about it is it's
• unusual smallness and thinness for a
• daily newspaper.
• Once it enlarged it's size to normal daily paper but
• after a very spam of time it's size dwindled to it's
• original smallness.
• Major national and international news used to be
• published in first page.
• It used to print "THE PIONEER ENGLISH DAILY WITH THE
• LARGEST CIRCULATION IN THE KINGDOM OF NEPAL
• just below the mast head.
  

Parshurameshwor inn and its hidden history.

Parshurameshwor trust one of the old trust, situated in the frontier of kerunga and Balkot VDC of Arghakhanchi district do have interesting and sweet hidden history. We can see many Himalayas like Machhapuchre, Annapurna, Dhaulagiri, etc. so clearly from here and from the nearby areas. In the past people used to walk beside the trust when they used to go kathmandu, pokhara, syangja, palpa, Muktinath, Ridi, Piuthan, Dang etc. places.
Many people walk during that time but one event is remembered till now by the accolants. Once the father of Janga Bahadur kunwar who is known as Janga Bahadur Rana was transferred to jumla. Then Balnarasingh kunwar and Rakshya kumari kunwar had gone jumla along Balkot. After some period she had to return. When she was returning she gave birth to a son in 'ampati' of wangle district . it was too hot in Lampati so once one snake came and gave shade by its expanded hoods. At that time no one would live in Lampati which is also known as Mathura. People, at day time, who had come for grassm agriculture,took newly born child and mother in Balkot. Child was named in Balkot and Brahmin had kept his name Birnarasingh kunwar. By this event Balkot became popular in national level at that time. It is believed that this incident is one base to build Parshurameshwor inn. People says that child Birnarasingh kunwar was later known as Janga Bahadur kunwar(Rana) who later became prime Minister of the kingdom and Commander in chief general. Later he had married with the daughter of Parshuram Khatri, living in Jhandrek of Arghakhanchi. When Janga Bahadur kunwar became Prime Minister, he made his own brother in law(jethan) Sanaksingh Tandan Lahure chhetri the commanding general. After recruited in commanding General he made inn in the name of his father Parshuram Khatri and made provision of more trust(land) to run inn smoothly.
One rest house had been built in Lampati where Janga Bahadur was born. Parshurameshwor and Indreshwor temple are built there in the are of 32.8560 sq. feet. Now this inn is in deplorable condition which is one of the historical place. Above mentioned things are only general explanation of its establishment but there are many hidden things regarding this inn.

Kathmandu living troublesome for common people

Being the capital city of Nepal, many facilities should be available, but just opposite we can find many obstacles and difficulties and people are feeling hard. Nor we can use water frequently nor electricity. Not only this due to traffic jam no one can go in targeted place in time and it is uncertain in everything. These are only some examples, where there are many troubles and troubles have knitted the web.
It is known in national and international level that drinking water is the main problem of kathmandu. In present time due to decrease in water resources and sea level problem has been uprising day by day. Water has stopped to come in stone tap and tube well, which has created more crisis. We can see line of people in water tanks. Water tanks of Anamnagar are one of the example where we can see line of people to fill water.
As water, load shedding is also one of the problem for the people across the nation. Nor Nepal electricity Authority knows the actual time nor the given schedule matchs in practice. All sectors are affected by load shedding. People have been more oppressed when more arsenic seemed in water. Cul-de-sac are also becoming hindrance in people living. Narrow dark alleys disturbs in people's journey and creates unnecessary traffic jam. We can also see the weak traffice system. Traffic lights are in deplorable condition and are not on the way of maintenance.
Due to increasing anarchy in the country, the price of daily using things is increasing daily. People cannot get fuel and other things in time and appropriate price. Uncertainty, anarchy. Strike, close etc. have created pitiable plight of country, people and in every field.

Maoists cadres need chairman and so on?

Nepali proverbs are so sweet and juicy. Proverbs satires something and works as metaphor and simile. There is one juicy proverb –"thief shouts more himself than others". It also replicates the scenario of Maoists war period and the activities of Maoists cadres. During the war period, boarding schools in the remote villages were closed and boarding school running committee persons used to be threatened and get punishment and sometime recruited in the name of corruption. Without any evidence, in the basis of some pollutant man in the society many people had been killed by the Maoists cadres.
Being the citizen of the nation our responsibility is to appreciate the good works and play as the opposition against evil works. If we remember those crucial days our body shivers with fear and dreadful events. Sometime we Nepalese people remember and think that those man who close the schools and play game in the future of those students, they have now established boarding schools becoming chairman of the school running committee. They do have gone home visit to bring children in their schools from the government school to earn money. Not only that they used to force school committee to decrease fee where as now they have taken double fee from the children giving bourgeoisie education. It is true that Nepalese students are getting unpractical education till now. We have to change and amend it but we don't get anything abusing impracticable education giving it name as bourgeois education. They became success to give speech and many examples studying that education. So it's better to amend than to abuse education system.
So, Maoists cadres and leaders should realize the mistakes. Maoists led government should give compensation to those people who had lost many things when their cadres closed boarding schools in the war period if Maoists really works in favor of people. If not those cadres who are running schools and remain in committee will be punished by the Nepalese person that is why they do have many wounds when their children were not allowed to go to school rather forced to go in war by cadres of Maoists. If Maoists do not realize those mistakes, ask sorry, and give compensation to those oppressed people they are really pollutant of the country and evergreen terrorist.

Eight points demands presented by journalism students

Students of journalism and mass communication of bachelor third year studying in Ratna Rajjya Laxmi Campus have agitated in the department. They have presented eight points demands to College cheif and department chief. Presented demands are related to their practical classes in college.

Students have also accuesed the administration for being irresponsible toward their course. They have said that being the student of radio and photo journalism they have not even seen simple camera and recorder in college. They have paid two thousand rupees for their practical class. But till filling examination form they are not taught any practical classes in the college due to lack of practical equipments. Administration also seems inactive to fulfill students demands.

After presenting the demands students told to bring equipments within one week . Administration also became agree in the students logic. Students have said that if campus fails to fulfill their demands within one week they will not hesitate to ask to return their fee and also the resignation of the campus chief. Class should be regular, Discrimination should be erased, practical equipments shoiuld be buy fast, if not fee should be returned back and so on were the demands included in the demand paper.
Showing the deplorable condition Binod koirala the student of radio journalism said that the condition of radio and photo journalism student is so weak. Examination is comoing near but we are unknown about the practical classes. At last agreemetn between student and the administration was made to bring equipments within one week and give continuity to the practical classes.